【從婦女節到地球日專題文章#2】COP28如何炒熱性別回應公正轉型議題？

[International Women’s Day to Earth Day Series #2] How COP28 Boosted the Gender-Responsive Just Transition Discussion

繼本系列第一篇文章國際上為何開始談性別回應公正轉型的討論，本文將介紹台灣綠能公益協會在參與COP28時所關注到的性別主題日主要活動。

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Following the first article in this series, which discussed why the international community is starting to talk about gender-responsive just transition, this article will introduce the main activities of Gender Day that the Taiwan Green Energy for Charity Association

2. COP28如何炒熱性別回應公正轉型議題？

台灣綠能公益協會於2023年就開始努力與上一篇所提到的UNFCCC下於2009年成立了婦女與性別社群（Women and Gender Constituency，以下簡稱WGC）進行聯繫，也於2023年年底參與聯合國氣候變化綱要公約第28屆締約方大會(COP28)，在現場也觀察到COP28主辦方為了性別回應公正轉型，規劃了一系列的性別主題日活動。本文列舉重要活動如下表：

2. How did COP28 Fuel the Gender-Responsive Just Transition Discussion?

The Taiwan Green Energy for Charity Association began its efforts to connect with the Women and Gender Constituency (WGC), established in 2009 under the UNFCCC as mentioned in the previous article, as early as 2023. By the end of 2023, the association participated in the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. At the event, they observed that the COP28 host had planned a series of Gender Day activities to promote a gender-responsive just transition. Key activities are listed in the table below (Table 1 is implied here, but not provided in the text).

活動日期	活動名稱	活動簡介
2023年11月10日	COP28性別說明會	UNFCCC秘書處主辦說明會，為COP28的性別相關討論預先做準備，說明內容包和COP28中的性別包容性、性別與環境數據全球會議議程、在所有工作坊中傳遞性別回應公正轉型以及COP28中的優先聚焦性別議題
2023年11月28日、2023年11月29日	性別與環境數據全球會議	呼籲全球所有領導人、政策制定者和性別與環境數據系統的其他關鍵參與者採取行動，緊急加強多方利害關係人夥伴關係，以支持全球性別和環境數據的產出、採用、融資、包容性管理和治理
2023年12月3日	為所有人提供促進性別平等的公正轉型的高階政策對話	對GAP 進行中期審查時，COP28注意到ILO編寫的技術文件，該文件探討了促進性別平等的氣候行動與低碳排經濟中包容所有人的機會的公正轉型之間的關係性，因而邀請ILO與UNFCCC秘書處合作，一起辦理高階對話，引導參與者探討與制定性別回應、包容、整體性的公正轉型框架相關的良好政策和實踐
2023年12月4日性別主題日	技術對話：性別回應公正轉型和氣候行動的融資	技術對話將重點放在為促進性別平等的公正轉型和氣候行動提供資金，促進性別平等的氣候融資的重要性已被廣為認知。本對話旨在傳播最近關於促進性別平等的氣候融資討論的見解，對於機會和差距的共識，並討論成功案例中如何動用可用的財政支持。
2023年12月4日性別主題日	性別回應的公正轉型和氣候行動的高階政策對話	本次部長級的高階對話啟動促進性別回應公正轉型和氣候行動夥伴關係，匯集各國對可獲得的資金、促進性別平等的預算和數據的承諾。

圖：為所有人提供促進性別平等的公正轉型的高階政策對話內容的視覺化成果(圖片來源：國際勞工組織，https://unfccc.int/media/64457)

如表1所示，COP28會期當中安排12月4日作為COP28性別主題日，當天最重要的公開活動便是性別回應的公正轉型和氣候行動的高階政策對話(High Level Dialogue on Gender Responsive Just Transitions & Climate Action)，本公開活動因希拉蕊出席致詞而受到外界關注，並由COP28主辦國公告經過一系列的會議與對話，共有60個國家政府加入性別回應公正轉型與氣候行動夥伴關係。

活動中多為氣候治理重要人物也談及性別回應公正轉型的重要性。在聯合國層級上，聯合國副秘書長及聯合國婦女署(UN WOMEN)執行主任Sima Bahous指出，淨零轉型雖然會帶來新工作，但預計這些新工作只有25% 會給女性機會爭取。女性是否有機會和管道去獲取淨零工作中所需的必要技能，也是女性爭取淨零工作的必要關鍵，然而根據統計，現今全球共計只有0.01%的資金提供給同時強調氣候變遷和性別平權的計畫。UNFCCC執行秘書Patricia Espinosa進一步指出需要更多女性參與高協政策對話。以COP28為例，只有34%的與會國家代表為女性，在高階對話中，133個政府代表只有15位女性，反映出女性參與高階對話的重重障礙，以及推動女性氣候能力建構的急迫性，尤其是在能源領域。

國際性組織代表則從勞工與地方政府的角度切入討論性別回應公正轉型。ILO副秘書長在活動中更務實地談到淨零轉型是否能創造更多給青年和女性的高品質且有尊嚴工作，男性和女性是否能公平地取得新增的綠色工作，就數據而言，化石燃料部門的女性就業率為22%，再生能源工作女性就業佔比則為32%，可以看女性取得綠色工作的管道增加的潛力。性別回應公正轉型應確保女性和男性皆能獲得充足的培訓管道，並為此配套提供育兒和長者照護，因為女性往往被期待負起不成比例的家庭照護責任。全球將近100座城市組成的C40城市氣候領導聯盟（C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group)主席則表示C40從2017年就展開Women4Climater計畫，透過線上課程、輔導計畫，還有城市背景下的性別氣候影響、解決性別影響的城市政策解決方案以及婦女在城市氣候行動中的關鍵角色的調查研究從地方政府層級來推動女性領袖的培育。，C40主席提醒地方政府應該檢視女性政府工作人員有多少女性，女性經常犧牲睡眠、健康、職涯來貢獻社會，是否可能透過更多資源來協助女性扮演淨零轉型的關鍵角色。

整體來說，上述公開活動中，與會者都同意為了要達成性別回應公正轉型，首先要收集足夠的數據來評估氣候變遷對女性的影響，並讓資金直接回饋到女性身上，改善現有的氣候教育與政策。在COP28之後，本系列下一篇文章性別回應公正轉型該怎麼做呢將談談不同組織針對性別回應公正轉型提供的指引。

As (implied) Table 1 shows, COP28 designated December 4 as Gender Day. The most significant public event that day was the High-Level Dialogue on Gender Responsive Just Transitions & Climate Action. This public event garnered external attention due to Hillary Clinton’s attendance and speech. The COP28 host country announced that after a series of meetings and dialogues, a total of 60 national governments joined the Gender-Responsive Just Transitions & Climate Action Partnership.

Many key figures in climate governance at the event also spoke about the importance of a gender-responsive just transition. At the UN level, Sima Bahous, UN Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of UN Women, pointed out that while the net-zero transition will bring new jobs, it’s projected that only 25% of these new opportunities will go to women. Whether women have the opportunity and access to acquire the necessary skills for net-zero jobs is also a crucial factor for women to secure these roles. However, statistics show that currently, only 0.01% of global funding is allocated to projects that simultaneously emphasize climate change and gender equality. Patricia Espinosa, Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC, further stressed the need for more women to participate in high-level policy dialogues. Taking COP28 as an example, only 34% of participating national representatives were women, and in high-level dialogues, only 15 out of 133 government representatives were women. This reflects the significant barriers to women’s participation in high-level dialogues and the urgency of promoting women’s climate capacity building, especially in the energy sector.

Representatives from international organizations approached the discussion on gender-responsive just transition from the perspectives of labor and local governments. The ILO’s Deputy Director-General more pragmatically discussed whether the net-zero transition can create more high-quality and decent jobs for youth and women, and whether men and women can equally access new green jobs. Statistically, female employment in the fossil fuel sector is 22%, while female employment in renewable energy jobs is 32%, indicating the potential for increased access for women to green jobs. A gender-responsive just transition should ensure that both women and men have access to adequate training, complemented by provisions for childcare and elder care, as women are often expected to bear a disproportionate share of family care responsibilities. The Chair of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, an alliance of nearly 100 cities worldwide, stated that C40 launched its Women4Climate program in 2017. Through online courses, mentoring programs, and research on gender climate impacts in urban contexts, urban policy solutions addressing gender impacts, and women’s crucial role in urban climate action, C40 promotes the cultivation of female leaders at the local government level. The C40 Chair reminded local governments to examine how many women are among their government staff, noting that women often sacrifice sleep, health, and careers to contribute to society, and questioned whether more resources could help women play a key role in the net-zero transition.

Overall, participants in the aforementioned public events agreed that to achieve a gender-responsive just transition, it’s essential to first collect sufficient data to assess the impact of climate change on women, direct funding back to women, and improve existing climate education and policies. Following COP28, the next article in this series, “How to Implement Gender-Responsive Just Transition?", will discuss guidelines provided by various organizations for a gender-responsive just transition.