[International Women’s Day to Earth Day Series #3] How to Implement Gender-Responsive Just Transition?
上一篇文章COP28如何炒熱性別回應公正轉型議題談到台灣綠能公益發展協會在參與COP28時所關注到的性別主題日主要活動，活動中觀察到要達成性別回應公正轉型，若沒有意識到淨零轉型中的性別議題並擬定因應對策，淨零轉型和綠色經濟轉型並不會自動消除當前的性別不平等，但這也是可能是一個的獨特的機會。國際上已有不同單位開始分析在淨零轉型過程中如何整合性別議題，探討性別平等和包容性的政策和措施。
The previous article, “How COP28 Put Gender-Responsive Just Transition in the Spotlight," discussed the key activities related to Gender Day that the Taiwan Green Energy for Charity Association observed during its participation in COP28. Observations from the event highlighted that to achieve a gender-responsive just transition, without recognizing and addressing gender issues within the net-zero transition, both the net-zero transition and the green economy transition will not automatically eliminate current gender inequalities. However, this could also present a unique opportunity. Various international bodies have begun to analyze how to integrate gender issues into the net-zero transition process, exploring policies and measures that promote gender equality and inclusivity.
3. 性別回應公正轉型該怎麼做呢？
以國際勞工組織(ILO)為例，ILO於2022年將報告書《公正轉型：實現性別平等和社會正義的重要途徑》(Just transition: An essential pathway to achieving gender equality and social justice)提交給聯合國氣候變化綱要公約(UNFCCC)秘書處。報告提出以下重點：
1. 最大化氣候行動的社會和經濟機會，同時最小化並謹慎管理與影響工作世界，包括性別影響相關的任何挑戰。
2. 確保婦女充分、公平地參與並領導所有公正轉型政策和計畫的規劃、實施、監測和評估。
3. 政策必須以符合國際統計標準的可靠的統計資料為基礎，並注意因性別和其他個人特質如身心障礙和種族而出現的數據差異。
4. 強調公正轉型計劃、政策和方案的性別層面的承諾和語言需要系統性導入國家自主貢獻（NDC）、國家調適計畫（NAP）、國家生物多樣性策略和行動計劃（NBSAP）、淨零倡議和淨零承諾。
5.氣候金融應支持各國實施公正轉型計畫並落實性別平等的槓桿。
3. How Should Gender-Responsive Just Transition Be Implemented?
Taking the International Labour Organization (ILO) as an example, in 2022, the ILO submitted its report, “Just Transition: An essential pathway to achieving gender equality and social justice," to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat. The report emphasizes the following key points:
- Maximize the social and economic opportunities of climate action while minimizing and carefully managing any challenges related to impacts on the world of work, including gender impacts.
- Ensure full and equitable participation and leadership of women in the planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of all just transition policies and programs.
- Policies must be based on reliable statistical data that conforms to international statistical standards, paying attention to data disparities arising from gender and other personal characteristics such as disability and race.
- Emphasize the systemic integration of commitments and language regarding the gender dimensions of just transition plans, policies, and programs into Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs), net-zero initiatives, and net-zero commitments.
- Climate finance should support countries in implementing just transition plans and act as a lever for achieving gender equality.
過去四十年以來，公正轉型的概念從原本的勞工權益維護，延伸到系統變革的倡議。系統變革的呼籲深植於女性主義的意識形態和原則。解決地球健康問題並解決氣候危機和相關的不公現象需要改變現有的經濟模式、社會制度和關係的轉變、公共和私人領域的權力重新配置，以及重塑全球治理，將重心放到人民福祉，而不僅僅是利潤。女性主義者將公正轉型的概念視為實現系統性變革的機制的關鍵政策，前提是性別公正轉型的核心原則經過審慎的考量。WGC的活躍成員的女性環境和發展組織(Women’s Environment & Development Organization，WEDO)於COP28的前夕發布了報告《性別公正轉型：系統變革之路》(GENDER JUST TRANSITION: A PATH TO SYSTEM CHANGE)，說明了性別公正轉型應有原則如下：
- 權力轉移：無論是在能源部門或採礦業，真正的性別公正轉型必須重新賦予社區和國家權力——以及婦女、女孩和其中的性別多元人群——特別是在全球南方。朝向 100% 可再生和永續的社會的轉變無法透過化石燃料等霸權產業將權力直接轉到另一個產業的方式來實現。實現公正轉型需要經濟、政治和決策權從根本轉變。目前，這些權力集中在少數有權勢的人手中，使資本主義結構和殖民主義永久化。真正的性別公正轉型應該採用在地解決方案，將經濟力量從跨國公司轉移到在地由勞工主導的合作社和支持中小微型企業的作用（MSMEs）－包括當地經濟體中的社會企業。這些經濟活動方法不僅滿足當地需求並重視勞工個人，但也更有可能由女性和性別多元化人群領導。關注氣候行動的例子可在婦女與性別社群（WGC）性別正義氣候解決方案 (GJCS) 目錄找到。
- 分配正義：現有的社會和經濟結構加上父權制，過度剝奪女性和性別多元人群的權利，並排擠其資源和機構的社群，使他們極度容易受到氣候危機的影響。現在全球多數國家的大企業湧入所謂的「戰略性礦產熱潮」，來維持再生能源產，常使當地人口流離失所，並導致社區只有昂貴且難以取得的能源，卻為公司帶來巨額利潤。這種現象與真正的公正轉型相去甚遠。公正轉型應優先考慮公平地重新分配資源，以增強個人和集體的韌性。上述轉變需要確保環境和人權得到完整的保護，適用於具有真正責任感的產業，同時對利潤公平一致地徵稅，來促進對當地社區健康、教育、衛生和其他公共服務的投資。
- 有尊嚴的工作：資本主義透過剝削勞動力和環境而成長。能源、交通、製造、資源開採等產業呈現性別化的勞動力動態，當中勞工忍受非人性的條件和微薄的工資。有鑑於這些部門在轉型中扮演了關鍵角色，性別公正轉型需要勞動力多元化、工作場所安全、公平薪酬和彌平性別薪酬差距。勞動法應被強化，辦公室和政策提供彈性的工作、產假和育嬰假以及育兒。應保障病假，特別是心理健康和照護假由。勞工的組織權則必須是經濟的核心原則。
- 不受性別偏見限制的工作自由：性別陳規的定型觀念已歷史性地塑造了政策、實踐、准入和機會。儘管政府可能會慶祝為婦女創造“綠色就業機會”，但這些工作往往陷入諸如街道清潔或植樹等刻板角色。性別公正轉型勢必要打破性別刻板印象，為女性創造更安全的環境來參與和領導，消除「男人的工作」和「女人的工作」的概念。為了推動性別公正轉型，政府和利害關係人必須實施強而有力的、變革性的性別教育、技能建構和再培訓的訓練。這些措施應使婦女和青年具備技能和機會參與優先考慮人民的福祉以及社會和地球的健康的低碳經濟。
- 有價值且有償的照護工作：長期以來，婦女透過以下方式補貼資本主義經濟：在沒有正當理由的情況下進行無酬或報酬過低的照顧和生殖勞動而沒有受到認可或補償。這種負擔在全球，尤其是南方更加明顯。因為持續低度投資重要社會機構如醫療保健、育兒、教育和社會保護。性別公正轉型需要先為無薪照護工作進行承認、重新分配和提供報酬。還應確保婦女和女孩在生殖和生產部門中具有獲得認可和薪酬的角色。
在國際所提倡的性別回應公正轉型的原則之下，本系列下一篇文章將介紹WEDO在報告中所提出國家層級的性別公正轉型最低標準，進一步討論台灣的優勢和機會。
Over the past forty years, the concept of just transition has evolved from simply protecting labor rights to advocating for systemic change. The call for systemic change is deeply rooted in feminist ideologies and principles. Addressing planetary health and resolving the climate crisis and related injustices requires transforming existing economic models, social institutions and relationships, reconfiguring power in public and private spheres, and reshaping global governance to focus on human well-being, not just profit. Feminists view the concept of just transition as a key policy mechanism for achieving systemic change, provided that the core principles of gender-just transition are carefully considered. The Women’s Environment & Development Organization (WEDO), an active member of the WGC, published the report “GENDER JUST TRANSITION: A PATH TO SYSTEM CHANGE" on the eve of COP28, outlining the principles that a gender-just transition should embody:
- Power Shift: Whether in the energy sector or mining, a truly gender-just transition must re-empower communities and nations—and women, girls, and gender-diverse people within them—especially in the Global South. The shift towards a 100% renewable and sustainable society cannot be achieved by directly transferring power from hegemonic industries like fossil fuels to another. Achieving a just transition requires a fundamental shift in economic, political, and decision-making power. Currently, this power is concentrated in the hands of a few powerful individuals, perpetuating capitalist structures and colonialism. A true gender-just transition should embrace local solutions, shifting economic power from multinational corporations to local worker-led cooperatives and supporting the role of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)—including social enterprises within local economies. These approaches to economic activity not only meet local needs and value individual workers but are also more likely to be led by women and gender-diverse people. Examples of climate action can be found in the Women and Gender Constituency’s (WGC) Gender-Just Climate Solutions (GJCS) directory.
- Distributive Justice: Existing social and economic structures, coupled with patriarchy, disproportionately disempower women and gender-diverse people, and marginalize communities from resources and institutions, making them extremely vulnerable to the climate crisis. The current global rush by large corporations into so-called “strategic mineral booms" to sustain renewable energy production often displaces local populations and results in communities having only expensive and inaccessible energy, while generating huge profits for companies. This phenomenon is far from a true just transition. A just transition should prioritize the equitable redistribution of resources to enhance individual and collective resilience. The aforementioned transformation requires ensuring the full protection of environmental and human rights, applying to industries with genuine responsibility, while consistently taxing profits fairly to promote investment in local communities’ health, education, sanitation, and other public services.
- Decent Work: Capitalism thrives through the exploitation of labor and the environment. Industries such as energy, transportation, manufacturing, and resource extraction exhibit gendered labor dynamics, where workers endure inhumane conditions and meager wages. Given the critical role these sectors play in the transition, a gender-just transition requires workforce diversification, workplace safety, fair pay, and closing the gender pay gap. Labor laws should be strengthened, and workplaces and policies should provide flexible work, maternity and paternity leave, and childcare. Sick leave, especially for mental health and caregiving, should be guaranteed. Workers’ right to organize must be a core principle of the economy.
- Freedom from Gender Bias in Work: Gender stereotypes have historically shaped policies, practices, access, and opportunities. While governments may celebrate the creation of “green jobs" for women, these jobs often fall into stereotypical roles such as street cleaning or tree planting. A gender-just transition must break down gender stereotypes, create safer environments for women to participate and lead, and eliminate the concepts of “men’s work" and “women’s work." To advance a gender-just transition, governments and stakeholders must implement robust, transformative gender education, skill-building, and retraining programs. These measures should equip women and youth with the skills and opportunities to participate in a low-carbon economy that prioritizes people’s well-being and the health of society and the planet.
- Valued and Paid Care Work: For too long, women have subsidized the capitalist economy by performing unpaid or underpaid care and reproductive labor without recognition or compensation. This burden is even more pronounced globally, especially in the Global South, due to persistent underinvestment in vital social institutions such as healthcare, childcare, education, and social protection. A gender-just transition requires acknowledging, redistributing, and compensating unpaid care work first. It should also ensure that women and girls have recognized and paid roles in the reproductive and productive sectors.
Under the internationally advocated principles of gender-responsive just transition, the next article in this series will introduce the minimum standards for national-level gender-just transition proposed by WEDO in its report, further discussing Taiwan’s strengths and opportunities.
台灣綠能公益發展協會 
【從婦女節到地球日專題文章#3】性別回應公正轉型該怎麼做呢？ 有 “ 2 則迴響 ”