【從婦女節到地球日專題文章#4】台灣應該關注性別回應公正轉型嗎？

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在本系列上一篇文章性別回應公正轉型該怎麼做呢？談到國際勞工組織(ILO)和WEDO提出的性別公正轉型應有原則。本篇文章則希望進一步討論台灣在淨零性別公正轉型的機會。

[International Women’s Day to Earth Day Series #4] Should Taiwan Focus on Gender-Responsive Just Transition?

In the previous article of this series, “How to Implement Gender-Responsive Just Transition?", we discussed the principles for gender-just transition proposed by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and WEDO.

4.台灣應該關注性別回應公正轉型嗎？

台灣於2023年通過氣候變遷因應法，在法源中確保了未來淨零轉型中公正轉型的推動，氣候變遷因應法定義公正轉型為：「…在尊重人權及尊嚴勞動之原則下，向所有因應淨零排放轉型受影響之社群進行諮詢，並協助產業、地區、勞工、消費者及原住民族穩定轉型」。2023年開始，主責公正轉型的政府機關國家發展委員會(國發會)也開始與民間合作，台灣綠能公益發展協會也在2023年在國發會的支持下透過舉辦工作坊來開啟台灣在淨零公正轉型與性別議題的討論，同時也發現，現有台灣淨零公正轉型的政策制訂，從性別視角切入的資訊還不夠多，更難去談政策檢視的原則。如果參考國際組織報告，上一篇文章提到的WEDO除了提出原則以外，為了要協助各國檢視自己的性別公正轉型行動，WEDO也在報告中提出國家層級的性別公正轉型最低標準如下：

  1. 收集按性別分列的資料並進行性別分析：政府必須按性別分列收集可靠完整的數據，包括在人口普查期間了解轉型需求。數據應該涵蓋就業、收入、教育和其他相關指標。對於需要快速轉型的高碳排部門，政府需要進行全面的性別分析，以確定對男性和女性的不同，影響並考慮交叉性，包括轉型如何影響不同背景的女性(例如種族、民族、年齡、社經地位)
  2. 優先投資女性佔多數勞動力的產業：進行徹底分析來識別婦女在歷史上在勞動力中占主導地位並且需要向低碳排和/或體面工作轉型的部門或行業。其中一些部門包括醫療照護、教育、社會服務、農業和某些領域非正規經濟。
  3. 婦女的領導力以及婦女和社區的參與中心化：讓婦女和婦女組織參與設計、規劃和實施與轉型相關的決策過程。她們的觀點和專業知識對於制定滿足其獨特需求的政策非常寶貴和挑戰。同樣更重要的是，創造有利條件鼓勵婦女擔任領導職務，包括在與轉型相關的工會、委員會和政府機構。多樣性在決策必不可少
  4. 解決婦女參與的障礙：確保可負擔以及可獲得的育兒服務和照顧支持，因為這通常是婦女參與勞動市場的重大障礙。同樣投資於預防和應對工作場所的性暴力和性騷擾機制
  5. 支持女性擁有的解決方案和事業：優先提供融資管道、技術支援以及市場給女性擁有的解決方案和事業，特別是在與轉型相關的部門，這可以回過頭來鼓勵婦女創業與創新。從多邊的公司主導計畫，到婦女和社區主導的小型事業和本地解決方案的轉變成為公正轉型的核心。
  6. 法律與政策改革：檢視和改革現有可能歧視婦女或阻礙她們充分參與勞動或新轉型的部門的法律和政策。包括勞動法、財產權利和環境法規。
  7. 展開對性別議題敏感的溝通：發展並實施性別敏感的溝通策略，以提高人們對轉型的必要性、轉型對女性的影響以及支持性別公正轉型的政策和計畫的認識。與婦女團體和社群對話，以確保他們的聲音被聽到。確保公正轉型政策和方案不會加重婦女和社區的負擔極為重要。
  8. 落實性別回應的預算：特別為公正轉型政策中的性別回應的措施和方案分配資源。確保資金用於提高女性利益並解決性別差異。上述資源也應該用於能力建構計劃，包括女性的再培訓和技能提升的機會，幫助女性獲得參與轉型所需並能從中受益的技能和知識。

性別回應公正轉型急需基於性別的能力建設，提升女性參與氣候行動和能源轉型的能力，包括教育、培訓和技術支援。台灣的性別運動發展多年，性別平等是台灣社會重要的價值，根據經濟合作暨發展組織（OECD）公布的2023年「社會習俗性別指數報告」，台灣的性別平等表現排名亞洲第一，居全球第6 名。2021年將台灣資料依據GII 編算方式計算性別不平等指數（Gender Inequality Index, GII），台灣的性別平等居全球第7名，也會是亞洲第1 名，都讓台灣能夠在亞洲已開發國家中站穩性別平等領先國家的定位。

此外，台灣是亞洲目前唯一可以同性結婚的國家，2023 年1 月19 日內政部函釋跨國同性婚姻範圍擴大，截至2023 年7 月全國同性伴侶完成結婚登記共計22,958 人，其中男性6,860 人、女性16,098 人，與其他亞洲國家相較，這也是台灣在性別議題上的獨特性和優勢。若台灣的淨零轉型當中能強化性別平等議題的進步性，開創性別回應公正轉型的成功案例，將能展現台灣在亞洲性別和淨零議題上的特殊性。將會為台灣淨零轉型帶來更多國際聲量以及在國際場域的新機會發展。

[International Women’s Day to Earth Day Series #4] Should Taiwan Focus on Gender-Responsive Just Transition?

In the previous article of this series, “How to Implement Gender-Responsive Just Transition?", we discussed the principles for gender-just transition proposed by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and WEDO. This article aims to further explore Taiwan’s opportunities in net-zero gender-just transition.

4. Should Taiwan Focus on Gender-Responsive Just Transition?

Taiwan passed the Climate Change Response Act in 2023, legally ensuring the promotion of a just transition in future net-zero transformation. The Act defines “just transition" as: “…under the principles of respecting human rights and decent work, consultations shall be conducted with all communities affected by the net-zero emissions transition, and industries, regions, workers, consumers, and indigenous peoples shall be assisted in a stable transition." Starting in 2023, the National Development Council (NDC), the government agency responsible for just transition, also began collaborating with civil society. The Taiwan Green Energy for Charity Association, with NDC’s support, initiated discussions on net-zero just transition and gender issues in Taiwan by organizing workshops in 2023. At the same time, it was found that there is still insufficient information from a gender perspective in current net-zero just transition policy formulation in Taiwan, making it difficult to even discuss principles for policy review. If we refer to international organization reports, WEDO, in addition to proposing principles mentioned in the previous article, also put forth the following minimum standards for national-level gender-just transition to help countries evaluate their gender-just transition actions:

  • Collect Gender-Disaggregated Data and Conduct Gender Analysis: Governments must collect reliable and complete data disaggregated by gender, including understanding transition needs during censuses. Data should cover employment, income, education, and other relevant indicators. For high-carbon emission sectors requiring rapid transition, governments need to conduct comprehensive gender analyses to identify different impacts on men and women and consider intersectionality, including how the transition affects women from different backgrounds (e.g., race, ethnicity, age, socioeconomic status).
  • Prioritize Investment in Industries with Majority Female Workforces: Conduct thorough analysis to identify sectors or industries where women have historically dominated the workforce and which need to transition to low-carbon and/or decent work. Some of these sectors include healthcare, education, social services, agriculture, and certain areas of the informal economy.
  • Centralize Women’s Leadership and Women and Community Participation: Involve women and women’s organizations in designing, planning, and implementing transition-related decision-making processes. Their perspectives and expertise are invaluable for formulating policies that meet their unique needs and challenges. Equally important is creating favorable conditions to encourage women to take on leadership roles, including in transition-related trade unions, committees, and government agencies. Diversity is essential in decision-making.
  • Address Barriers to Women’s Participation: Ensure affordable and accessible childcare services and care support, as this is often a significant barrier to women’s participation in the labor market. Also, invest in mechanisms for preventing and responding to sexual violence and harassment in the workplace.
  • Support Women-Owned Solutions and Businesses: Prioritize providing access to financing, technical support, and markets for women-owned solutions and businesses, especially in transition-related sectors. This can, in turn, encourage women’s entrepreneurship and innovation. The shift from multilateral corporate-led projects to women- and community-led small businesses and local solutions becomes central to a just transition.
  • Legal and Policy Reforms: Review and reform existing laws and policies that may discriminate against women or hinder their full participation in labor or newly transitioning sectors. This includes labor laws, property rights, and environmental regulations.
  • Conduct Gender-Sensitive Communication: Develop and implement gender-sensitive communication strategies to raise awareness of the necessity of the transition, its impact on women, and policies and programs that support a gender-just transition. Engage in dialogue with women’s groups and communities to ensure their voices are heard. It is crucial to ensure that just transition policies and programs do not exacerbate the burden on women and communities.
  • Implement Gender-Responsive Budgeting: Specifically allocate resources for gender-responsive measures and programs within just transition policies. Ensure funding is used to benefit women and address gender disparities. These resources should also be used for capacity-building programs, including retraining and upskilling opportunities for women, helping women acquire the skills and knowledge needed to participate in and benefit from the transition.

Gender-responsive just transition urgently requires gender-based capacity building to enhance women’s ability to participate in climate action and energy transition, including education, training, and technical support. Taiwan’s gender movement has developed for many years, and gender equality is an important social value in Taiwan. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)’s 2023 “Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) Report," Taiwan ranks first in Asia and sixth globally in gender equality performance. Calculating Taiwan’s data according to the GII (Gender Inequality Index) method in 2021, Taiwan ranked 7th globally in gender equality and 1st in Asia. These achievements solidify Taiwan’s position as a leading country in gender equality among developed Asian nations.

Furthermore, Taiwan is currently the only country in Asia where same-sex marriage is legal. On January 19, 2023, the Ministry of the Interior expanded the scope of transnational same-sex marriage interpretations. As of July 2023, a total of 22,958 same-sex couples nationwide had completed marriage registration, comprising 6,860 males and 16,098 females. Compared to other Asian countries, this also represents Taiwan’s uniqueness and advantage in gender issues. If Taiwan’s net-zero transition can enhance progress in gender equality issues and create successful cases of gender-responsive just transition, it will showcase Taiwan’s distinctiveness in Asian gender and net-zero issues. This will bring Taiwan more international recognition and new opportunities for development in the international arena.

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